3. Middle Ages (c. 500 – 1400 CE)

Brt: Religious icons and mosaics characterized this era, particularly within the Eastern Roman Empire. Examples include mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul .

• Medieval European Art: Romanesque and Gothic styles, with cathedrals like Chartres showcasing elaborate stained glass and sculptures. Manuscript illumination, as seen in the “Book of Kells,” flourished during this time .

• Islamic Art: Islamic influence spread through Persia, North d Spain, contributing intricately patterned calligraphy, geometric designs, and architectural marvels like the Alhambra .